• Geographical Influence on the History of Nepal
• Nepal is situated in various geographical diversities and features with various altitudes
• different natural climate, temperature, forest, wild animals, agriculture, social characteristics.
• Because of its various differences the impact of geographical influence in Nepal is found in the politics, economic, social , religion and cultural history.
Geographical Influence on the History of Nepal
There are mainly three Geographical influences in our history :
Social history and culture 2. Economic 3. Politics
1. Geographical Influence on social history and culture:
i) Impact on social structure:
• influenced on social structure for a long time in the geography of Nepal.
• Due to the open boarder of all sides of Nepal such as various gorges to the north Open boarder to south, east and west.
• People from different places were migrated as hunters, herds, tradesmen and penance started to settle over here.
• set of different casts and ethnic groups with different cultures.
foundation of Nepali society is based on different casts and ethnic groups due to the causes of geographical structure.
Tony Hegen, “Nepal is the platform of several casts of
Asia.”
the garden of Mangol, Kirata, Arya, Negretos, Drubian, etc. due to the influence of geographical cause in the history.
Cont …
ii) Impact on residential system:
great impact in Nepalese residential due to the causes of geographical formation of Nepal.
In ancient time, the southern part Terai was mostly covered with dark forest and there was a risk of kalajar fever, malaria, and wild animals to reside for the people. Most of the migrants were from western part of Nepal to the hill regions rather than south to north. The ethnic groups who entered Nepal from the gorge of north boarder, they started to settle northern Himalayan and hill regions of Nepal.
Only after the 19th century, the dark forest of Terai region was started in deforestation and the malaria was eradicated, then the people of different casts and ethnic groups migrated from the north part of India to reside in Terai region of Nepal.
The great numbers of people are residing in Terai region and valley for the better facilities of trades, industries and agriculture these days.
iii) Geographical impact on livelihood :
• divided in three major regions; Himalayan, Hill and Terai regions.
• Himalayan region occupies the land of 15%,
• Hill region 68%
• Terai region 17%.
• Within the hill region there are some other regions like Siwalik hill, gorge, and middle hill and some valleys like
Kathmandu, Pokhara and Dang. Likewise Terai region is also divided in inner Terai, dun, riverside, plain land etc.
Geographical impact on livelihood …..
• different natural characteristic such as climate, soil, temperature and so on
• the occupancy has been varied in different parts of the country.
• The livelihood of the people have also been impacted as per the regions such as those who live in Himalayan region they wear woolen clothes and warm wears whereas the people who live in Terai regions mostly wear thin cotton clothes
• The food and drinks are also taken as per the regions due to the geographical influences to the different casts and ethnic groups in the history of Nepal.
2. Geographical Influence on Economic History:
i) Influence on agricultural:
• Most of the part of Nepal is formed with Himalayan and hill area which occupies 83% of the total land
• Terai occupies only 17% land in total.
• It is only the fertile land of 17% for cultivation.
• According to historical evidences, the land for agriculture was less in ancient time because most of the part of Terai region was fully occupied with dark forest. The production of crops was limited than the hill region.
Agricultural……………
• At the beginning of 19th century it was started to deforestation and people started to migrate from hill region for settlement and started to cultivate agriculture products like rice, maize and other cash crops.
• Gradually the economic status of the people who live in Terai and valley have been higher than mountain region.
• the density of population in Terai region has been greater than hills due the well-built financial condition in our economic history.
II) Influence on Trade and Commerce:
• The development of trade and commerce were practiced from the ancient time due to the influence of geography of Nepal.
• The trade was continued form east, west, the southern Terai and the gorge of northern boarder from the very beginning.
• The trade and commerce was spread from Nepal to Maghad of India through the way of Vaisali and Shrabasti according to the economics of Kautilya.
• The trade was also spread to Tibet and China at the same time. According to the historical resources of China – “The number of traders were greater than in number of farmers in Nepal in ancient time”.
Trade and Commerce………
• The foreign trade was further spread up to Verma, Malaya, Sumatra and European countries ( Dr. Ramesh Dhungel).
• Trade from Nepal to Tibet and China was carried on from the beginnings through many gorges and basins to cross the boarder from Nepal to Tibet such as
Rashuwa to Kerung, Listi and Kuti to Lhasa,
Chhinasim Taklakhar of western Nepal to Tibet,
Dolakha Lamabagar to Digarcha, Beni to Tibet.
Trade and Commerce………
After the 19th century, the trade was quite more influenced to India due to the road transportation faculties and the international trade port in India. Therefore the trade and commerce now is highly applied with India rather than Tibet and China due to the causes of geographical influences.
3. Geographical Influence on political history:
• Land of paradise for refugees:
• Nepal is formed with 83% of land as high Himalaya, hill region, valley, siwalik hill with steep mountain structure,
• a plate form for refugees from south boarder and from north border for a long time.
• Nepalese social structure has been formed from various casts and ethnic groups. Group of people were not migrated here as invader but they were entered as refugees to save their lives from the terror and fears.
• Historical resources and chronicles - Lichchavis, Mallas, Shakyas, Karnatakas, Guptas were entered Nepal as refugees from Indian sub-continent.
Land of paradise for refugees…………..
• Likewise Khasas and Kiratas also migrated to Nepal as refugees from western and north boarder of Nepal. Many sages and hermits from their frustrated life entered Nepal for penance, cave, and religious palaces as shelter.
• Only a Bangal Muslim emperor Samasuddin Tugalak entered Nepal as an invader but they did not stay in Nepal for longtime, returned India after 7 days stay in Kathmandu raiding the wealth of Pashupatinath and palaces of Kathmandu.
• Influence on safety and freedom:
secure for freedom due to the geographical formation of Nepal.
high Himalayas and mountains to the northern Nepal and has always represented as strong fort in keeping Nepal safe.
the dark forest of southern Nepal has done another fort of the
boarder.
Due to the gift of nature like mountains, hill regions, and dark forest Nepal has never been in the hands of foreign enemies.
The strange geographical structure of Nepal has always secured the national sovereignty and freedom in the history of Nepal.
III) Influence on Foreign Policy and Administration :
• Nepal is situated in between two large countries China and India. Nepal has always played a vital role to protect its freedom and sovereignty from these large countries using its diplomatic foreign policy from the very beginning to date.
• Lichchavi king Amsuverma had made a diplomatic relationship with Srang-chang-Gampo, the king of China and with the Harsabardhan, the king of India.
• Later in Malla period, Nepal had a good and dual relationship with Tibetan Lama and Christians of south following the principle of nonalignment policy which has continued up to the modern foreign policy of Nepal.
• the administrative system in Nepal has also been decentralized due to the influence of various geographical structure of a country from the ancient time.
Influence on Foreign Policy and Administration ……….
• According to the chronological and historical resources, the Lichchavi kings and Malla kings had ruled in practicing as decentralized system appointing the head of feudal (samanta) in different territories of the kingdom to help the central body to collect taxes and take care in the different regions.
• After this practices, the administrators became powerful and started to rule in provinces as King themselves and formed the separate kingdoms.
• This train continued for a long time at the end of Malla period in the history of Nepal,
• Before unification of Nepal, there were 50-55 tiny kingdoms, and later Prithvi Narayan Shah started to unify the small kingdoms into the great Nepal due the recent situation of our sovereignty.
• Nepal is situated in various geographical diversities and features with various altitudes
• different natural climate, temperature, forest, wild animals, agriculture, social characteristics.
• Because of its various differences the impact of geographical influence in Nepal is found in the politics, economic, social , religion and cultural history.
Geographical Influence on the History of Nepal
There are mainly three Geographical influences in our history :
Social history and culture 2. Economic 3. Politics
1. Geographical Influence on social history and culture:
i) Impact on social structure:
• influenced on social structure for a long time in the geography of Nepal.
• Due to the open boarder of all sides of Nepal such as various gorges to the north Open boarder to south, east and west.
• People from different places were migrated as hunters, herds, tradesmen and penance started to settle over here.
• set of different casts and ethnic groups with different cultures.
foundation of Nepali society is based on different casts and ethnic groups due to the causes of geographical structure.
Tony Hegen, “Nepal is the platform of several casts of
Asia.”
the garden of Mangol, Kirata, Arya, Negretos, Drubian, etc. due to the influence of geographical cause in the history.
Cont …
ii) Impact on residential system:
great impact in Nepalese residential due to the causes of geographical formation of Nepal.
In ancient time, the southern part Terai was mostly covered with dark forest and there was a risk of kalajar fever, malaria, and wild animals to reside for the people. Most of the migrants were from western part of Nepal to the hill regions rather than south to north. The ethnic groups who entered Nepal from the gorge of north boarder, they started to settle northern Himalayan and hill regions of Nepal.
Only after the 19th century, the dark forest of Terai region was started in deforestation and the malaria was eradicated, then the people of different casts and ethnic groups migrated from the north part of India to reside in Terai region of Nepal.
The great numbers of people are residing in Terai region and valley for the better facilities of trades, industries and agriculture these days.
iii) Geographical impact on livelihood :
• divided in three major regions; Himalayan, Hill and Terai regions.
• Himalayan region occupies the land of 15%,
• Hill region 68%
• Terai region 17%.
• Within the hill region there are some other regions like Siwalik hill, gorge, and middle hill and some valleys like
Kathmandu, Pokhara and Dang. Likewise Terai region is also divided in inner Terai, dun, riverside, plain land etc.
Geographical impact on livelihood …..
• different natural characteristic such as climate, soil, temperature and so on
• the occupancy has been varied in different parts of the country.
• The livelihood of the people have also been impacted as per the regions such as those who live in Himalayan region they wear woolen clothes and warm wears whereas the people who live in Terai regions mostly wear thin cotton clothes
• The food and drinks are also taken as per the regions due to the geographical influences to the different casts and ethnic groups in the history of Nepal.
2. Geographical Influence on Economic History:
i) Influence on agricultural:
• Most of the part of Nepal is formed with Himalayan and hill area which occupies 83% of the total land
• Terai occupies only 17% land in total.
• It is only the fertile land of 17% for cultivation.
• According to historical evidences, the land for agriculture was less in ancient time because most of the part of Terai region was fully occupied with dark forest. The production of crops was limited than the hill region.
Agricultural……………
• At the beginning of 19th century it was started to deforestation and people started to migrate from hill region for settlement and started to cultivate agriculture products like rice, maize and other cash crops.
• Gradually the economic status of the people who live in Terai and valley have been higher than mountain region.
• the density of population in Terai region has been greater than hills due the well-built financial condition in our economic history.
II) Influence on Trade and Commerce:
• The development of trade and commerce were practiced from the ancient time due to the influence of geography of Nepal.
• The trade was continued form east, west, the southern Terai and the gorge of northern boarder from the very beginning.
• The trade and commerce was spread from Nepal to Maghad of India through the way of Vaisali and Shrabasti according to the economics of Kautilya.
• The trade was also spread to Tibet and China at the same time. According to the historical resources of China – “The number of traders were greater than in number of farmers in Nepal in ancient time”.
Trade and Commerce………
• The foreign trade was further spread up to Verma, Malaya, Sumatra and European countries ( Dr. Ramesh Dhungel).
• Trade from Nepal to Tibet and China was carried on from the beginnings through many gorges and basins to cross the boarder from Nepal to Tibet such as
Rashuwa to Kerung, Listi and Kuti to Lhasa,
Chhinasim Taklakhar of western Nepal to Tibet,
Dolakha Lamabagar to Digarcha, Beni to Tibet.
Trade and Commerce………
After the 19th century, the trade was quite more influenced to India due to the road transportation faculties and the international trade port in India. Therefore the trade and commerce now is highly applied with India rather than Tibet and China due to the causes of geographical influences.
3. Geographical Influence on political history:
• Land of paradise for refugees:
• Nepal is formed with 83% of land as high Himalaya, hill region, valley, siwalik hill with steep mountain structure,
• a plate form for refugees from south boarder and from north border for a long time.
• Nepalese social structure has been formed from various casts and ethnic groups. Group of people were not migrated here as invader but they were entered as refugees to save their lives from the terror and fears.
• Historical resources and chronicles - Lichchavis, Mallas, Shakyas, Karnatakas, Guptas were entered Nepal as refugees from Indian sub-continent.
Land of paradise for refugees…………..
• Likewise Khasas and Kiratas also migrated to Nepal as refugees from western and north boarder of Nepal. Many sages and hermits from their frustrated life entered Nepal for penance, cave, and religious palaces as shelter.
• Only a Bangal Muslim emperor Samasuddin Tugalak entered Nepal as an invader but they did not stay in Nepal for longtime, returned India after 7 days stay in Kathmandu raiding the wealth of Pashupatinath and palaces of Kathmandu.
• Influence on safety and freedom:
secure for freedom due to the geographical formation of Nepal.
high Himalayas and mountains to the northern Nepal and has always represented as strong fort in keeping Nepal safe.
the dark forest of southern Nepal has done another fort of the
boarder.
Due to the gift of nature like mountains, hill regions, and dark forest Nepal has never been in the hands of foreign enemies.
The strange geographical structure of Nepal has always secured the national sovereignty and freedom in the history of Nepal.
III) Influence on Foreign Policy and Administration :
• Nepal is situated in between two large countries China and India. Nepal has always played a vital role to protect its freedom and sovereignty from these large countries using its diplomatic foreign policy from the very beginning to date.
• Lichchavi king Amsuverma had made a diplomatic relationship with Srang-chang-Gampo, the king of China and with the Harsabardhan, the king of India.
• Later in Malla period, Nepal had a good and dual relationship with Tibetan Lama and Christians of south following the principle of nonalignment policy which has continued up to the modern foreign policy of Nepal.
• the administrative system in Nepal has also been decentralized due to the influence of various geographical structure of a country from the ancient time.
Influence on Foreign Policy and Administration ……….
• According to the chronological and historical resources, the Lichchavi kings and Malla kings had ruled in practicing as decentralized system appointing the head of feudal (samanta) in different territories of the kingdom to help the central body to collect taxes and take care in the different regions.
• After this practices, the administrators became powerful and started to rule in provinces as King themselves and formed the separate kingdoms.
• This train continued for a long time at the end of Malla period in the history of Nepal,
• Before unification of Nepal, there were 50-55 tiny kingdoms, and later Prithvi Narayan Shah started to unify the small kingdoms into the great Nepal due the recent situation of our sovereignty.
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